Brand loyalty depends on brand elements Free Essays

Introdction A brand is a plan, term, name, or any component used to recognize the items or administrations of a dealer from the ones of different merchants in the market (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978). In spite of the fact that there is a huge collection of examination on brand dependability in showcasing writing, the connection between brand devotion and brand components has not generally been very much reported or comprehended. In this exposition, the dispute of whether brand components assume a huge job in affecting the unwaveringness of purchasers will be raised. We will compose a custom article test on Brand reliability relies upon brand components or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Initial, a meaning of brand devotion and brand components will be illustrated, trailed by contentions for and against the case that brand dedication is subject to mark components. In this manner, this paper will draw on advertising and purchaser conduct writing just as contextual investigations from notable brands to represent the contentions. Brand dependability has been considered as the cognizant or oblivious choice of a buyer to consistently repurchase a brand (Keller, 2007). Brand faithfulness has consistently spoken to one of the top needs for a brand. Brand goliaths, for example, Coca-Cola and Pepsi for instance, often bring out brand faithfulness advancements, for example, â€Å"My Coke Rewards† and â€Å"Pepsi Stuff† so as to hold its submitted purchasers (Dick and Basu, 1994). On the other hand, brand components alludes to the various segments that make up a brand. These can incorporate both inner and outer components. Interior components, for instance, incorporate brand character and guarantee while outside components allude to affiliations, picture and situating of a brand. Working from these two key ideas, it might be contended that brand faithfulness must be accomplished if various successful brand components are immovably set up. Some have contended that outside components, for example, brand situating are basic in developing trust between the buyers and the brand (McCole, 2004). Brand situating alludes to the parts of the brand utilized in the specialization of the association, its objective market, the extraordinary estimation of the organization and the advantages a buyer would procure from purchasing its items and administrations. Brand situating likewise consumes exertion in separating an organization over contenders. It is in this manner conceivable that it is just once a buyer secures more noteworthy information and clearness of a company’s specialization, remarkable worth and possible advantages, that he/she will be bound to repurchase the item and consequently guaranteeing brand faithfulness (Aaker, 1995). In a comparative vein, the c omponent of brand guarantee can likewise be believed to assume a significant job in brand reliability. Brand guarantee alludes to the specific component that customers hope to be conveyed by the organization each time the buyer buys a thing as well as administration. By this definition, brand guarantee is a staggered component as it includes factors, for example, desire, cooperation of workers to meet these results and conveyance (Cowley, 1991). In the event that every one of these components is set up, shoppers are significantly more liable to communicate devotion to the brand. An extra contention that bolsters the case that brand faithfulness is subject to mark components can be drawn from looking at one of the inside components; brand character. Each brand can be said to convey its own exceptional image character. Brand character embodies the brand as far as human attributes and characteristics (Kapferer, 2008; Aaker, 1995). A brand without character and warmth, for instance, is probably going to accumulate zero reliability from buyers and will be considerably more touchy to costs (Uncles Goodhardt, 2004). A constructive and unmistakable brand character then again, is significantly more prone to evoke great results, for example, expanded inclination, use and faithfulness (Aaker, 1997). There is a settled collection of writing that features that a reasonable brand character upgrades brand inclination as well as improves devotion (Kressman et al 2006) yet in addition permits purchasers to communicate and extend their optimal selves to other people (Belk, 1988). The brand turns into an expansion of the consumer’s self. Brand character, can thusly be appeared to assume a basic job in permitting purchasers to associate on an individual level with a brand and henceforth be bound to leave an enduring positive engraving that prompts repurchase and bit by bit develops brand steadfastness. In any case, it might likewise be contended that brand dedication can likewise be develop, autonomous of brand components. This contention centers around the significance of system, instead of brand components. A guide to represent the significance of methodology can be seen from the progressions that have happened in advertising in the course of the most recent decade. For instance, because of the advances of web 2.0 and informal organizations, customary showcasing practices of inspecting buyer patterns, directing center gatherings and evaluating socioeconomics have been enhanced by internet based life advertising on interpersonal organizations, recordings and sites. The quantity of organizations and organizations utilizing the informal organization stage to associate with shoppers by means of fan pages is expanding each day and worldwide organizations, for example, Coca-Cola, Mercedes-Benz, Starbucks, Disney, New York Times, Red Bull, to give some examples, are presently unmistakab le apparatuses on interpersonal organizations. Coca-Cola, for instance, permitted two of its fans who made the brand’s Facebook fan page to keep on overseeing it on Facebook. It isn't astounding in this manner, that Coca-Cola has now amassed more than thirty-4,000,000 Likes around the world. Starbucks has correspondingly shown the significance of a web based life promoting procedure in the formation of â€Å"My Starbucks Idea†, a webpage that permits shoppers to submit proposals that are checked on and regularly actualized. As statistical surveying has demonstrated that over 80% of people who â€Å"Like† a brand or item on Facebook are faithful shoppers (DDB Worldwide, 2010), new procedures of online networking promoting and inventive fan pages are progressively getting significant in the achievement of a brand. Components, for example, brand picture and character may have been significant ten years back, however brand reliability would now be able to be free. One may likewise receive a point of view that joins the restricting contentions and hypothesizes that brand components are significant, yet not prerequisites of brand devotion. Rather, various different elements are significant, for example, on account of â€Å"Spurious Loyalty† in which clients may repurchase a brand due to situational requirements or out of comfort. Besides, it has likewise been proposed that brand devotion contains a significant level of pre-dispositional duty towards a brand that has nothing to do with the brand components (Punniyamoorthy and Raj 2007). As there are no particular speculations and approaches that address the topic of brand reliability and brand components, it is hard to give a conclusive answer. In any case, throughout the paper, it has become obvious that brand components do assume a vital job in brand dedication and that buyers are probably going to repurchase a brand since they see the brand to serve their item needs by offering the correct highlights of the item, value, quality and picture too. In any case, it has additionally become evident that brand reliability is terribly affected by choices that happen autonomous of brand components. Taking everything into account, a harmony between the two contentions would be best for tending to the case. Later on, a more noteworthy group of work is important to help specialists, researchers and advertisers to come nearer to comprehension the multi-dimensional nature of brand steadfastness. References Aaker, D. 1995. Building Strong Brands, Free Press, New York. Belk, R. W. 1988. Assets and the all-encompassing self. Diary of Consumer Research, 15, pp. 139-168. Cowley, D. 1991. Getting Brands, Kogan Page, London. DDB Worldwide OpinionWay Survey. Facebook and Brands. October 2010. Dick, A. S. what's more, Basu, K. 1994. Client Loyalty: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework. Diary of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22, pp. 99-113. Jacoby, J. Chestnut, J. 1978. Brand Loyalty: Measurement Management, Wiley, New York. Kapferer, J. 2008. The New Strategic Brand Management, Kogan Page, London. Keller, K. 2007. Vital Brand Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Kressmann, F., Sirgy, M., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S., and Lee, D. 2006. Direct what's more, roundabout impacts of mental self view compatibility on brand steadfastness. Diary of Business Research, 59, 955-964. McCole, P. 2004. Pulling together showcasing to reflect practice: The changing job of advertising for business†, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 22 Issue 5, pp.531 †539. Punniyamoorthy, M and Prasanna Mohan Raj. 2007. An observational model for brand reliability measurement†, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Volume 15, Number 4, pp. 222-233. Uncles, L Goodhardt, M. (2004), Understanding Brand Performance Measures: Using Dirichlet Benchmarks, Journal of Business Research, Vol.57, Issue12, pp.1307-1325. Step by step instructions to refer to Brand reliability relies upon brand components, Essay models Brand Loyalty Depends On Brand Elements Free Essays Presentation A brand is a structure, term, name, or any component used to recognize the items or administrations of a vender from the ones of different merchants in the market (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978). In spite of the fact that there is an enormous assemblage of examination on brand devotion in showcasing writing, the connection between brand dedication and brand components has not generally been very much recorded or comprehended. In this exposition, the conflict of whether brand components assume a noteworthy job in affecting the steadfastness of shoppers will be raised. We will compose a custom article test on Brand Loyalty Depends On Brand Elements or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Initial, a meaning of brand devotion and brand elem

James Monroe Essay -- essays research papers

James Monroe was conceived in the calm town of Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. His dad, Spencer Monroe, was hitched to Elizabeth Jones in 1752. Spencer Monroe was a circuit judge and a rancher for the town (Kane 40). Monroe was the most seasoned of five. There were four other youngsters; Andrew, Joseph, and Elizabeth. His third sibling had passed on in his youth. He went to sentence structure school at a little institute for young men. This school had gained notoriety for serving the best of men, similar to George Washington and John Marshall (Kane 40), which is novel since he later followed George Washington as president. George Washington was a family companion of the Monroe’s. He respected Washington and was impacted by him at a youthful age. At age 16 his dad Spencer Monroe passed on. Monroe was left to be the man of the house. A relative recommended that James should proceed with his instruction at the William and Mary College. Monroe took on the most tro ublesome program that the College offered (Stefoff 11). Inside a time of his participation at William and Mary College, the shot heard far and wide at Lexington happened. War broke out with England, and Monroe needed to take care of business. At age 18 he later joined the military enrolling in the Third Virginia Infantry (Stefoff 12). Monroe was named lieutenant after a gathering of fighters struck a British house taking weapons and supplies. He later was familiar with George Washington when the Third Virginia Infantry was gotten together with Washington’s troops in New York (Stefoff 13). During the war he was injured in the Battle of Trenton yet not harshly. Monroe allocated to deskwork was inquired as to whether he would send a letter to the legislative head of Virginia requesting more troopers. Monroe was hanging tight for a reaction from Washington yet never got notification from him, so meanwhile he contemplated law (Stefoff 15). Monroe turned into a guide under Thomas J efferson, Governor of Virginia likewise impacted his life. Monroe and his great school companion took a shot at the governor’s addresses and composed gatherings. This readied Monroe for what was to happen to his life as President (Stefoff 21). Since the war was all the while going on, he had a crucial the military. Monroe was approached to go south and spy on British soldiers, since American soldiers expected that they were arranging an unexpected assault on them (Stefoff 21-22). After Monroe’s fruitful crucial British soldiers a... ...eted a few tasks that he thought about which should have been tended to. One of them was saving area for Indians west of the Mississippi River.      Monroe left Washington on March 3, 1825 and set out for Oak Hill with his family. Despite the fact that he was fruitful throughout everyday life, after his retirement he fell into monetary difficulty. The most recent six years of his life was troublesome. His obligation had mounted and keeping in mind that hanging tight for cash Congress owed him, on July 4, 1831, James Monroe passed on, bankrupt (Damon 95).      James Monroe was an astounding president and cherished by all individuals. His primary concentration to enable our nation to prevail as a country together, kept us brought together and solid. In spite of the fact that there were awful occasions, his prosperity compensated for those. He had an extraordinary effect in our history as a country. He made the Monroe Doctrine, made it difficult to claim slaves, helped Indians discover land, and helped our nation join as one. He battled for us in the War of 1812, which he was injured. He cherished our nation and was consistent with the U.S. Monroe was the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ and will consistently be recollect as James Monroe, who brought to numerous individuals a period of positive sentiments. James Monroe Essay - articles inquire about papers James Monroe was conceived in the tranquil town of Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. His dad, Spencer Monroe, was hitched to Elizabeth Jones in 1752. Spencer Monroe was a circuit judge and a rancher for the town (Kane 40). Monroe was the most established of five. There were four other youngsters; Andrew, Joseph, and Elizabeth. His third sibling had passed on in his youth. He went to language structure school at a little institute for young men. This school had gained notoriety for serving the best of men, similar to George Washington and John Marshall (Kane 40), which is special since he later followed George Washington as president. George Washington was a family companion of the Monroe’s. He appreciated Washington and was impacted by him at a youthful age. At age 16 his dad Spencer Monroe kicked the bucket. Monroe was left to be the man of the house. A relative proposed that James should proceed with his instruction at the William and Mary College. Monroe trie d out the most troublesome program that the College offered (Stefoff 11). Inside a time of his participation at William and Mary College, the shot heard the world over at Lexington happened. War broke out with England, and Monroe needed to take care of business. At age 18 he later joined the military enrolling in the Third Virginia Infantry (Stefoff 12). Monroe was selected lieutenant after a gathering of warriors assaulted a British house taking weapons and supplies. He later was familiar with George Washington when the Third Virginia Infantry was gotten together with Washington’s troops in New York (Stefoff 13). During the war he was injured in the Battle of Trenton yet not harshly. Monroe alloted to deskwork was inquired as to whether he would send a letter to the legislative head of Virginia requesting more troopers. Monroe was sitting tight for a reaction from Washington however never got notification from him, so meanwhile he examined law (Stefoff 15). Monroe turned int o a guide under Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia additionally affected his life. Monroe and his great school companion took a shot at the governor’s discourses and sorted out gatherings. This readied Monroe for what was to happen to his life as President (Stefoff 21). Since the war was all the while going on, he had a strategic the military. Monroe was approached to go south and spy on British soldiers, since American soldiers expected that they were arranging an unexpected assault on them (Stefoff 21-22). After Monroe’s effective crucial British soldiers a... ...eted a few undertakings that he thought about which should have been tended to. One of them was saving area for Indians west of the Mississippi River.      Monroe left Washington on March 3, 1825 and set out for Oak Hill with his family. In spite of the fact that he was effective throughout everyday life, after his retirement he fell into budgetary difficulty. The most recent six years of his life was troublesome. His obligation had mounted and keeping in mind that sitting tight for cash Congress owed him, on July 4, 1831, James Monroe kicked the bucket, bankrupt (Damon 95).      James Monroe was a fantastic president and cherished by all individuals. His primary concentration to enable our nation to prevail as a country together, kept us brought together and solid. In spite of the fact that there were awful occasions, his prosperity compensated for those. He had an extraordinary effect in our history as a country. He made the Monroe Doctrine, made it difficult to claim slaves, helped Indians discover land, and helped our nation join as one. He battled for us in the War of 1812, which he was injured. He adored our nation and was consistent with the U.S. Monroe was the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ and will consistently be recall as James Monroe, who brought to numerous individuals a period of positive sentiments.

Blog Archive MBA Career News How to Turn Resume Bullets into Accomplishment Statements

Blog Archive MBA Career News How to Turn Resume Bullets into Accomplishment Statements In this new blog series, our mbaMission Career Coaches offer invaluable advice and industry-related news to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. To schedule a free half-hour consultation with one of our mbaMission Career Coaches, click here. Writing an effective resume requires you to transform your job description bullets into accomplishment statements. A strong accomplishment statement has the following four key elements: Starts with a strong verb (e.g., “Designed,” “Created,” “Led,” “Managed,” “Analyzed”) Includes an action you took (i.e., what you did) and the result you achieved (i.e., the impact/benefit of your action) Begins with your action and ends with your result (unless the result is significant, in which case you should start the bullet with the result) Quantifies the result (If there is no quantitative impact, think about qualitative ways to prove the effectiveness of your actionsâ€"perhaps by comparing your result to those of previous years or your competitors, or by highlighting the intended impact or explaining the size/scope of the project.) Questions to Ask Yourself When Writing Accomplishment Statements Is the skill/experience I am highlighting relevant to my target audience? After reading the bullet, can I answer the “So what?” question? Why did it matter that I took the actions highlighted in the bullet? How can I prove that I did a good job with the responsibilities assigned to me? Before and After Accomplishment Statements Have you been admitted to business school? If so, do you want to get a head start on defining your career goals? Do you need help preparing for job interviews or learning how to effectively network with your target employers? Or maybe you want to be a top performer in your current role but are unsure how to maximize your potential. Let an mbaMission Career Coach help via a free 30-minute consultation! Share ThisTweet Career Advice MBA Career News

Socrates and Love Essay - 912 Words

In the Symposium, written by Plato, Socrates and others engage in a dialogue in the home of Agathon on love. Instead of singing the honours (94) of love like the other participants, Socrates uses a retelling of a discussion that he had with a woman named Diotima to tell the audience of what he perceives to be the truth of love. He first speaks to Agathon in order to be on the same wavelength with him. Socrates asks Agathon a series of questions - which leads to Agathon being thoroughly confused and completely re-thinking his entire speech he just made. Agathon is no longer sure if Love is beautiful and good, which was his primary definition of it before. Socrates has Agathon confirm that when one does not have the thing that†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Love is a mixture of the blessings of Plenty and tragedy of Poverty. Because all gods are happy and beautiful, Diotima says Love cannot really be a god. She insists that Love is a great spirit, for all spiritual is between divine and mortal (98). Love, as a spirit, serves like a middle man between the gods and humans on Earth. The only way gods communicate through humans is through these spirits, Diotima insists, because these spirits have the wisdom to intercede for the gods. The gods do not love wisdom because they are already wise and the foolish do not love wisdom because they are ignorant of the fact that they are ignorant of wisdom. Diotima tells Socrates that philosophers (lovers of wisdom) are in between the gods and the ignorant. She says Love is one of the philosophers, because he is in between wisdom and ignorance. This is because his father Plenty has wisdom but his mother does not. Diotima, who says wisdom is one of the most beautiful things, believes Love is a love for the beautiful, so Love must necessarily be a philosopher (99). Also, Love must be between wisdom and ignorance. She says Socrates mistook Love to be the beloved instead of the lover and that is why he thought Love to be beautiful and good. The loved thing is perfect and beautiful. One of the reasons she thinks there is this misconception is because we have named oneShow MoreRelatedSocrates Speech On Love1439 Words   |  6 Pageson that night, Socrates’ speech is one of the most important of the night as he is clearly a central figure, admired by the other guests. Socrates begins by presenting his argument that if love is nothing, then it is of something, and if it is of something, then it is of something that is desired, and therefore of something that is not already possessed, which is then usually beautiful and good. Human beings begin by loving physical beauty in another person, then progress to love of intellect andRead MoreSocrates View Of Love Essays1049 Words   |  5 Pages A Different View of Love We have heard definitions of love through our lives that have been passed on for decades. Some of us have felt love, and some of us have been in love. But no one ever seems to question what love is, as if it is something that just plainly is. People tend to just go with it, and think that what they are feeling is really complete and substantial love. In Plato’s The Symposium, the reader is confronted with some very different views of love as brought to us by Agathon,Read MoreSocrates s View Of Love2063 Words   |  9 PagesIn The Symposium, Love is described to be a goddess by the men who are praising her powers in several eulogies. However, Socrates proves that their claims are incorrect evaluations during his speech. Socrates chooses to analyze and discuss the truth of love through rhetoric rather than submit to the ‘illusionary’ art of poetry that the other men used. Although the context of Love is set up in the mythological sense, Socrates’ speech transcends the topic from merely describing the goddess’ powersRead MorePlato s Symposium : The Nature Of Love1320 Words   |  6 PagesPlato’s Symposium explores the nature of love through several different telling’s of what love is by philosophers of the time. The speeches of Socrates, Alcibiades, and Aristophanes are of main focus, as their similarities and differences help the reader to decide the truth of the nature of love. Throughout the Symposium, the accounts of love vary from speaker to speaker. The speech given by Socrates differentiates from the viewpoints of Alcibiades and Aristophanes, as well as all of the other speechesRead MoreLove Is Passion, Bravery, And Bliss1115 Words   |  5 PagesLove is passion, bravery, and bliss. Love is blindness, slavery, and psychosis. Love has caused some of my fondest memories, whether it be the times simply speaking my truest thoughts to my mother or lying in bed with a partner saying nothing yet still being able to communicate my most sincere self in silence. Yet love has also compelled me to do, in my opinion, my most heinous acts, whether that be lying to my family about my religious beliefs in order to save them pain or giving in to lust so muchRead MoreSocrates And The Early Athenian Era845 Words   |  4 PagesSocrates, a well-known philosopher of the early Athenian era, is believed to be one of the wisest and virtuous philosophers of all time. This be lief holds true in the encounters of Symposium by Plato, as depicted by Alcibiades during a symposium held by Agathon. Alcibiades, the last to speak at the symposium, derails from the topic of the night, love, and elicits much praise and gratitude for Socrates. Although Alcibiades did not witness the speech given by Socrates on love, he manages to depictRead MoreEssay Platos Symposium1171 Words   |  5 Pagesof being/essence). This concept is key to the context of The Symposium: Love. It is important to note that as the speeches evolve throughout this particular work they parallel this concept. Plato has, in this writers opinion, reinforced his theory through the speakers by outlining the journey from the world of becoming (Phaedrus speech) to the world of being (Diotimas speech). This being so, Diotima and Socrates (the forms) will be the key focus for which all previous speakers will ascendRead MoreA Group Of Philosophers All Get Together At A Man Named Agathon s House1423 Words   |  6 PagesAgathon’s house and eventually decide to give speeches on love. The men all take turns giving their various speeches on Love, each attacking the idea of Love in a different way. Phaedrus talks about Love’s origins and how Love encourages people to be virtuous, Pausanias makes the distinction between Common Love (love of body) and Celestial Love (love of mind), Eryximachus talks about how Love promotes balance, Aristophanes talks about how Love is about people continually searching for their other halfRead MoreSocrates Apology Analysis1149 Words   |  5 Pages In her analysis of Socrates’s frame of work, Roslyn Weiss defends Socrates to seeker of knowledge. Weiss argues that Socrates should be viewed as a skeptical inquirer because of his pursuit to what is x? As Weiss puts it, Socrates is aware of his own ignorance and knows that one cannot know what things are by simply using definitions. She emphasized for one to a teacher, one must be an expert. From this point of view, it can be inferred that to teach someone you must have all the background andRead MoreEuthyphro s Dilemma Of Plato s Euthyphro968 Words   |  4 PagesEuthyphro, Socrates discusses with Euthyphro about what the â€Å"piety† is. The conversation leads to what most modern philosophers now define as Euthyphro’s dilemma. It is stated that† Is something pious because the gods love it or the gods love it because it is pious?† This dilemma is also known as the â€Å"Divine Command Theory†, which has puzzled many Christian philosophers throughout the years. Socrates’ account seems to disagree with Euthyphro’s. This paper will argue against the dilemma in Socrates’ account

How to Write a Final Exam Essay without Stressing Yourself

Students are so used to wait for these final exam essays with the sense of dread and desperation that such title may look like a joke. However, in reality they’re not that horrible: people write them successfully, have been writing them successfully and probably will go on doing it, and most of them don’t faint in the process but emerge more or less intact from the experience. The only reason for fear is inside your own mind; if you put a leash on it, there is nothing to be afraid of. Ways of Keeping Stress at Bay Don’t drive yourself to hysteria. Really, much of your terror is caused by your own constant thinking about the ways you may and will fail, concentrating on the horribleness of the experience and all its possible repercussions. Well, don’t. Of course it is important and will have consequences. But don’t you have enough problems already without setting your own mind against yourself? Don’t hurry. You are generally given a reasonable amount of time for your essay. Those in charge know how much time one usually spends on it, and plan accordingly. Don’t try to complete the essay in the first ten minutes: firstly, it is impossible, secondly, it will result in a mess. Don’t dawdle, of course, but don’t rush either. Plan. It corresponds to the previous point. You may think that when the time is so limited, you can’t afford to spend it on planning. Wrong. Time spent on planning will return to you tenfold because there won’t be sudden realizations that you have forgotten to mention something vital in the first paragraph when you are nearing completion and you will be able to make the entire text more logical and completed. Stretch your legs. While it is unlikely that you will be allowed to take a walk, don’t forget that change in activity is extremely important in any kind of work, and the couple of hours you spend sitting when writing your final exam essay will eventually start to take toll on your brain. If you are not allowed to stand up, at least stretch your arms and legs, hollow out the back, rotate the joints – anything to make your blood move a little bit faster. Prepare Beforehand But the best way to avoid stress when writing a final exam essay is to approach it well-prepared. Don’t put off your reading until the last possible moment, practice writing it giving yourself a random topic (or the one from the same final exam held last year) and trying to write it under the same conditions you will have on the examination day. And don’t be afraid.

A Doll s House Individual Freedom Of Nora - 2227 Words

A Doll’s House: Individual freedom of Nora Individual freedom is a fundamental theme of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Through the character of Nora Ibsen shows the necessity of individual freedom. Without it one can’t flourish oneself and establish oneself as equal partner with other (Nora – Helmer relationship). The protagonist, Nora always wants to be an independent person. Though she got her success, she paid a good price for herself liberty. The present paper investigates and discusses how Nora led her life before achieving her self-liberty and her passion for individual freedom. Life of Nora before her revolution: Actually Nora is literally trapped in Torvald’s family. She hasn’t been happy in her marriage, living as a â€Å"doll-wife† for Torvald. They never have any serious conversations. As Helmer’s wife, she is expected to obey his wishes. Even she suppresses her desire to please him. Helmer forbids her to have macaroons though this conflicts with her freedom. Helmer wants to keep her wife attractive. She had to obey Helmer which took place during the fancy dress party. She wants to stay at the party and enjoys herself but Helmer forces her to go back home early after tarantella dance. Actually Helmer’s motive was to sex with her. Thus he controls her life. When Nora refused, he reacted with the word won’t! won’t! He reminds her duty as a wife. The repetition of the word â€Å"won’t† shows his anger. In this way she was treated by her husband. Helmer expects to be obeyedShow MoreRelatedGlaspell s Trifles And The Invisibility Of Women1490 Words   |  6 PagesInvisibility of Women Susan Glaspell’s play Trifles and Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House are plays that explore a number of important features of femininity and life as a woman. Trifles explores a number of thematic ideas surrounding a woman’s place and her propensity for violence. The Author explores a thematic idea that centers on the proper dispensation of justice: Glaspell critically investigates the question of whether an individual can truly receive justice from a group that does not consider herRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreGender And Gender Roles Have Radically From The Time Henrick Ibsen s A Doll House1203 Words   |  5 Pages The idea of gender and gender roles have evolved minimally from the time Henrick Ibsen â€Å"A Doll House,† was first published. In the late 1800s, just before the beginning of the first wave of feminism in the United States and Europe, women were looking for ways to gain independence from their â€Å"duty† to marry a man, have children, and live a life to home and yearned for the freedom to choose what kind of lives they wanted to live, what they wanted to do, etc. In the beginning of the play, the viewsRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreHow Nora was a victim and victimizer in A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthe past what we see is very shocking. Such is the case in a Doll House by Henrik Ibsen. Here we see Nora presented as a victim of her father and male dominated society; however she also plays the role of victimizer against her husband, family, and friends. As Nora takes both sides of the conflict we see how she is forced into both roles. Nora plays with Dr. Rank s emotions; though by accident, she does so more than she had intended. Nora becomes desperate for money at one point and intends to useRead MoreWomen s Rights By Henrik Ibsen1481 Words   |  6 Pageswomen s rights by creating female characters that represent the struggle for freedom from their restricted roles. After years of playing the role of a superficial doll, Nora converts into an assertive and determined woman. The true cause of Nora s transformation starts with a revolution within her. Ibsen dramatizes Nora s discovery of identity by means of various literary techniques. By the finale of the play, Nora has survived a deconstruction of a false sense of identity, by being a â€Å"doll†, andRead MoreTheatrical Realism : Realism And Realism1228 Words   |  5 Pagesnaturalism, it does not focus on the scientific laws that control life, but the specific actions and their characteristics Characteristics: objective free will often optimistic settings in the everyday world ordinary events everyday characters the individual is perceived as a person with depth, bility to make ethical choice and act on the environment describes reality in comprehensive detail characters are more important than the pilot and action complex ethical choices are often the subject of theRead MoreCompare And Contrast A Doll House And The Poisonwood Bible1604 Words   |  7 PagesA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen depicts a young wife, Nora, as she struggles to deal with the repercussions of illegally borrowing money to help save, her husband, Torvald’s life. The play ends after her activity has been brought to the light and Torvald’s true nature of selfishness is revealed. Nora leaves him, recognizing their marriage as unequal. Barbara Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible is set thousands of miles away in the Congo compared to the northern European setting of A Doll House, whereRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s Ibsen 1459 Words   |  6 Pagesabstract perspective, which is the essence of art. Ibsen s work as a writer mainly symbolized a long writing style that reflection on people s need to live in a more advance mental way. Ibsen wrote about the contradiction between ability and the aspiration betw een will and possibility. Ibsen commonly uses a great deal of desperation in his work. Within the darkness of his work the conflict mainly surrounded humanity and the individual tragedy of one s true self. Ibsen would use symbols that representedRead MoreA Doll‚Äà ´s House by Henrik Ibsen1004 Words   |  5 Pages A Doll’s House A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play about a woman who realizes that she is worth more than she has been given credit. Her whole life she was treated like a little doll; too fragile to do anything serious, too frail to be troubled with real business. She was the wife, mother and homemaker. The only things she was perceived as capable of were running the home, raising the children and looking pretty. This was a common stereotype for women in the 1880’s. Women were treated

Cash Bundren Sample Essay Example For Students

Cash Bundren Sample Essay William Faulkner’s As I lay Diing is about a hapless family’s battle to get by with the decease of their female parent Addie and transport her organic structure to the Jefferson Cemetery. Their male parent Anse is a low life. he is merely going with them to Jefferson so he can acquire himself a set of false dentition. The kids neer truly had a loving relationship with their female parent or male parent. Addie neer wanted kids. and Anse is excessively wrapped up in himself to care. â€Å"Anse of class is the existent monster. declining to work lest he sweat himself to death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Wagner 94 ) . Cash Bundren the oldest boy of Anse and Addie Bundren is characterized as the diligent. sort. and dedicated leader of the household. Not merely do Cash’s actions prove these qualities but besides the descriptions of him by other storytellers prove Cash to be a hardworking. loyal adult male. As his female parent lies deceasing in bed he builds her a casket. Cash is a perfectionist ; he has each board approved by Addie. He wants her to be happy with the occupation he is making. Darl the 2nd to eldest boy of the Bundrens dainties Cash with regard and acknowledges his endowments in the beginning of the book. â€Å"A good carpenter Cash is†¦ Addie Bundren could non desire a better 1. a better box to lie in ; it will give her assurance and comfort† ( 4-5 ) . While Anse wallows in self-pity. Cash steps up to make full his fatherlike nothingness. All of the Bundren kids look up to Cash. Cash finds Vardaman losing right after seeing Peabody’s squad run off ; he goes out to happen him. He besides knows that Vardaman drilled holes into Addie’s casket because he still believes Addie is alive. even deadening holes into Addie’s face but hard currency still doesn’t cry at him. he merely mends the holes back. Anse of class. does non care much about Cash’s work or helpfulness. Even though Jewel shows small regard to Cash. Cash is still sort to Jewel and looks after him. When Darl and Cash become leery if Jewel mousing out at dark. Cash Tells Darl non to face Jewel because it would make no good ; Alternatively. Cash follows Jewel out one dark and finds he has been working on uncluttering a field to raise adequate money to purchase a Equus caballus. When gem arrives with the Equus caballus Anse gets angry. Cash defe nds Jewel and composures Anse’s nervousnesss by stating â€Å"Jewel worked difficult for his Equus caballus and merely spent his difficult earned money on it† ( 135 ) . Cash besides consoles Addie who begins to shout after seeing her boy withstand his male parent. Later in the narrative Darl catches a barn on fire. seeking to cremate his mother’s cadaver to stop their journey. He faces jail clip. Cash knows it is best for Darl to be sent to Jefferson. â€Å"It will be better for you†¦down there it will be quiet with none of the bothering and material. it’ll be better for you. Darl† ( 238 ) . Cash’s leading is seen during the beginning of the family’s trip to Jefferson. The Bridge that is the fastest path to Jefferson is destroyed by a inundation. Anse. being the male parent. should be the one to steer the household across the river. but because he is so lazy and dependent. he leaves the others to calculate out how to traverse. Cash takes charge and gives orders for the remainder of the household to traverse. while he. Darl. and Jewel seek to acquire the waggon across. Cash puts everything into his custodies and manoeuvres the squad through the river as he tells Jewel to back up him with his Equus caballus. Cash ends up losing the squad and about deceasing himself. Cash blames himself for the loss and his broken leg. When Ca sh was working on Addie’s casket. Anse comes out to detect. Cash tells him to travel back into the house and out of the rain. It took a few times stating him but even Anse listens to Cash. Cash evidently knows what is best. and all of the Bundrens trust his determinations. .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 , .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .postImageUrl , .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 , .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973:hover , .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973:visited , .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973:active { border:0!important; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973:active , .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973 .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u42aa77714427e721fac7798690fd5973:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nature Vs. Nurture : The Debate Of Nature Versus NurtureThroughout the full narrative Cash demonstrated his bravery and strength. For illustration when traversing the river and the waggon becomes unsteady. Darl jumps to safety. Cash on the other manus attempts to keep on to the casket in topographic point and salvage to wagon. He holds on until the waggon goes about wholly under. Cash neer screams or expletives or acted scared in any manner. Rather he keeps his composure in the face of the catastrophe. A 2nd illustration of Cash’s bravery is when he eventually emerges from the river with a re-broken leg. He neer frets the interruption or even Acts of the Apostless a s if he is on hurting. alternatively he reassures the household. â€Å"I can last it. it ain’t but one more twenty-four hours. It ain’t no fuss to talk of† ( 207 ) he doesn’t want to decelerate their journey in anyhow. When Anse wants to set cement on Cash’s leg. Cash doesn’t object to the awful thought. he allows it. Apparently cognizing it would make more bad than good. he merely wants to acquire his female parent to her resting topographic point. Cash is highly dedicated. to his work and to his household. When Cash was constructing Addie’s casket he worked nonstop through the dark and through rain. He puts a batch of difficult work. preciseness. and clip into her casket. â€Å"I made it on a bevel† ( 82 ) . Even thought it would take longer to chamfer the casket. and take much more work. he was dedicated to giving Addie a proper box to lie in. â€Å"it is better to construct a tight poulet henhouse. than a cheapjack courthouse† ( 234 ) . All of the younger siblings respect Cash. The most valuable thing Cash owns is his tools throughout the full book. Cash has his tools by his side and makes certain that their ever with him. Darl describes briefly Cash’s love for his tools when he rapidly returns to them after conveying in Addie’s casket: â€Å"He has returned to the trestles. stooped once more in the lantern’s lame blaze as he gathers up his tools and wiped them on a fabric carefully and set them into the box with its leather sling to travel over his shoulder† ( 50 ) . When Cash interrupt his leg seeking to traverse the river. his brothers find all his tools and put them by his side for the remainder of the trip because they know how much his tools mean to him. Dewey Dell has much regard for Cash ; she spends most of her clip on the journey to Jefferson be givening to Cash. Caring for her injured brother is one illustration. She wipes puke from his face with the hem of her skirt. She under stands Cash when he is inquiring about his tools. She is at that place for him. Vardaman. the youngest of the Bundrens. positions Cash severally. but every bit severally as a seven twelvemonth old can. He simply says a few things about Cash ; largely that he is his brother and so is Darl. Since Cash narrates so small of the first half of the book. he emerges in the 2nd half as the most rational storyteller. He decidedly seems to hold the most sense of any of the Bundren Children. and Even Anse. Cash normally doesn’t say much. except for their last two chapters but he reveals many things. Cash is really logical. which is seen when he talks about the ground why he built his mother’s coffin the manner he did ( 82 ) . Cash attacks issues with cautiousness and logical thinking. like when he tells gem to be patient because their male parent â€Å"ain’t every bit spry as him’’ ( 259 ) . .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 , .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .postImageUrl , .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 , .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57:hover , .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57:visited , .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57:active { border:0!important; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57:active , .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57 .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u181f82795252d146c9d2479795fbcd57:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Concert Report (252 words) EssayThroughout the description of Cash and his actions. he can be seen as the hero of his household. Possibly the lone 1 with the true kernel of kindness and fidelity. Even as the corruptness of the Bundren household is revealed. Cash remains the lone one pure bosom as he supports his household through its expedition. Cash ‘s dedication to his household can be seen non merely in the beginning when he is healthy. working and taking. but besides when he is injured. promoting the others to press on and disregard his jobs. Plants Cited Faulkner. William. As I lay deceasing Library of America. 1985. Rpt. Bookrags. 11-18-2004. World Wide Web. bookrags. com/essay-2004/11/18/212030/50Cached – Similar. Accessed on 02-11-2012 Six Decades of Criticism. Ed. Linda Wganer-Martin. East Langay: Michican State U P. 2002: 83-104. Print. e-notes. 01-25-2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. enotes. com/as-i-lay-dying/cash-bundren Accessed on 02-10-2012 Shmoop. 05-03-2001. World Wide Web. shmoop. com/as-i-lay-dying/cash-bundren-timeline. htmlCached – Similar. Accessed on 02-12-2012

Ip Proposal free essay sample

Tech) from Kalyani University, West Bengal. Currently a second year student of the Post Graduate Program, 2004-2006 at IIM Ahmedabad, he did his summer internship with ICICI Prudential LIC Ltd. on market penetration strategy in the high net income segment. †¢ Saugat Tripathy is a Computer Science Engineer from Delhi College of Engineering, and has worked Sapient Corporation for one year as an associate of technology. Currently, a second year student of the Post Graduate Program, 2004-2006 at IIM Ahmedabad, he did his summer internship with Star India Pvt. Limited on the feasibility of a separate channel / channel extension for rural India. Area of Project: †¢ The project deals specifically with Pricing and hence, is under the Marketing Area. Term in which project is credited: †¢ Term 5 Project Guide: †¢ Prof. Arvind Sahay Introduction Pricing is one of the most important variables in the entire marketing mix of any company. But it is rarely given the importance that it deserves. We will write a custom essay sample on Ip Proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most companies follow cost-plus pricing or competitive pricing techniques to price their products. These methods are not oriented to customer demands or the value that the customer may derive from the product. Hence, more often than not the product is either over-priced or under-priced. Reversing a pricing decision is very difficult to implement. Hence, in case of over-pricing the sales of the new product may fail to take-off and in case of under-pricing the consumer surplus is left on the table. Most of the marketing mix variables are decided based on market research so that the entire process is customer oriented. To do the same for pricing, one needs to know the underlying price sensitivity of the target customer base. There are many ways to do find out the price sensitivity of demand. Some of the most popular ones are 1. Conjoint Analysis 2. Price Metering 3. Dynamic Pricing All of these methods are very costly for most companies as discussed below. Preliminary studies show that conjoint analysis requires two separate surveys. The first one is used to validate the attribute space. The second one is used to find out the preferences of people – i. e. comparison of the attributes. Moreover the sample size required for both the surveys is generally large to get a reliable result. The whole process takes time, money and qualified manpower. Therefore it is very resource intensive. Price metering involves asking people their threshold prices. This is more complex than it sounds because very few people can decide what their threshold prices are. Therefore a large number of responses are required to arrive at aggregate threshold levels that have small deviation. Hence, this method although simple to administer, is not very reliable and is also costly. Dynamic pricing is another method to find out price sensitivity curve. But this involves changing prices over time and space. Therefore it is essential that people being subjected to different prices are not allowed to communicate with each other. This is very difficult to ensure. If people come to know that they have been charged different prices then not only the brand but also the company (in case of a multi-brand company) and the retail store earns a bad reputation. Hence, this is a very risky proposition and also very difficult to convince the retailers. Therefore small and medium sized companies cannot undertake these market research methods. Consequentially their pricing decision is always sub-optimal. Coming up with a generic model to measure price sensitivity is difficult, due to the following reasons – †¢ There is a significant difference in the way the purchase decisions are made for different goods. While purchase decisions for consumer durables take up considerable amount of time, the FMCG products can be considered as low involvement goods. †¢ The various options available for a good and level of differentiation between them also affect sensitivities towards prices. For e. . while buying a commodity, like electricity. Here, neither does one have the option of choosing a vendor, nor the option of not buying it. †¢ While purchasing a customized product, like an IT product for solving a business problem of a company. The price sensitivities here depend of various things like the various relevant features of the product, after sales service, company credibility and the monetary value of the deriv ed benefits from the product (like time saved, number of people who can be replaced, etc) The four product categories We thus divide the products into four categories, and believe that we need to study the measurement of their price sensitivities differently – †¢ FMCG goods †¢ Consumer durables †¢ Commodities †¢ IT solutions and other B2B products This project is intended to develop a cost-effective model for determining price sensitivity of demand for †¢ FMCG good –Toothpaste and †¢ Consumer good – Colour television Objectives †¢ To develop an alternative and cost-effective model to determine price sensitivity of demand for the two categories – toothpaste and colour television. Scope The scope of the project is limited to the premium brands of toothpastes (Colgate, Close-up, Pepsodent, etc) and conventional 21† colour televisions (LG, Sony, Onida, etc) We also intend to look at historical quarterly sales volume and price data for these brands for the last 5 years, in case we get this data. Research Questions †¢ What are the key factors that drive consumer buying decision in the two different product categories and what is the relative importance of price in the consumer buying decision? †¢ What is the price awareness of consumers? How do discounts or some other indirect price changes affect the probability of a buy? Review of Different Methods for Measuring Price Sensitivity Common methods of measuring price sensitivity †¢ Conjoint or Trade-off Analysis A popular experimental technique for measuring sensitivity to price as well as other product attributes, Conjoint analysis disaggregates a product’s price into the values consumer s attach to each attribute and helps in identifying the differentiation value of unique product attributes, design new products with attributes that consumers are willing to pay for and the price that consumers are willing to pay. However, the data required for a conjoint analysis requires an extensive survey conducted by the researcher, wherein the respondent is asked to make choices between pairs of fully described products or between different levels of just two product attributes. This makes the method more costly in terms of resources and time in comparison to simple surveys, despite the fact that it provides much more information †¢ Price Metering Price metering is another technique to determine the effect of the interaction of price and quality on the consumers’ perceptions of value. Robert C. Lewis and Stowe Shoemaker describe in their paper â€Å"Price sensitivity Measurement- A tool for the Hospitality Industry† the usage of the price metering method to gauge price sensitivity in the hotel and restaurant industry. The model as indicated in the paper is based on data obtained from respondents on the following questions: 1. At what price on the scale do you consider the product or service to be cheap? 2. At what price on the scale do you consider the product or service to be expensive? 3. At what price on the scale do you consider the product or service to be too expensive, so expensive that you would not consider buying it? 4. At what price on the scale do you consider the product or service to be too cheap, so cheap that you would question the quality? The responses to the above questions are statistically collated and analyzed using graphs as shown below: [pic] The paper states that the degree of price sensitivity depends on the relation between the indifference percentage, stress level and the range of acceptable price. While, a combination of low indifference percentage levels, high stress levels and a narrow acceptable price range indicates a sensitive market, a combination of high indifference percentage levels, low stress levels and a broad acceptable price range indicates a less sensitive market. The paper also suggests that the model enables comparison of the current price of a product or service with the acceptable price range. Further, price metering is an easy to use model, which is cheaper in terms of resources and time needed and does not require special knowledge or skill on the part of either the researcher or the respondent. Other Approaches or Methodologies After doing a survey of the literature available on measuring price sensitivity the following methods were seen to be suitable for a quick and less resource intense way of measuring price sensitivity. †¢ Self-Report Method Goldsmith and Newell had done a study to correlate price sensitivity with innovativeness – tendency of some users to try out new products. A 7 item likert scale questionnaire was constructed from a 6 item Likert scale questionnaire for a similar study done by Goldsmith in 1996. The questionnaire is based on the buying behavior of â€Å"innovators†. It questions people on two factors – one which ascertains their level of innovativeness and the other which ascertains their level of price sensitivity. Each of the 7 questions were to be rated on a 5-point response format. The sample selected was not random but reasonably diverse and the size was 457. Only one survey was conducted. Factor Analysis was done and the results were checked for reliability, consistency and construct validity. The data analysis was aimed to prove the hypothesis that innovativeness is positively correlated with low price sensitivity. Another interesting aspect of the study is that it has tried to compare innovativeness among different segments of the population divided on the basis of demographics. For example, it was found that women are more likely to try out newer fashion products than men and also they were less sensitive about price. The implications could be better targeting of individuals based on demographic factors when a new product is introduced and thus better extraction of the consumer surplus. This sort of a simple questionnaire can be used on people to ascertain their level of price sensitivity. An advantage is that the survey can be conducted over mail or internet. †¢ Through Interviews Van Helden had done a study in 1978 to find out price sensitivity in a way that was quicker and cheaper than conjoint analysis. The study was done to find out price sensitivity of demand for electric power. The respondent was asked just 2 questions: a. Would he decrease power consumption if price of power rose? The options were: i. Yes ii. No iii. Yes but he does not intend to. b. If the respondent chose the last response then by how much will the price of electricity will have to rise for him/her to reduce consumption? The options were classified into the following classes: i. 0 to 5% ii. 6-10% iii. 11-20% iv. 21-30% v. 31-50% vi. 51% or more Based on the answer, his price sensitivity is calculated as follows: The actual price increases are also divided into classes. The classes for actual price increase and threshold price increase for consumer to reduce consumption are balanced. Then if a respondent says that he will reduce consumption if price rise is 18% then the decrease in consumption for 5% and 12% (these are the class averages) will be 0, whereas for 18% the decrease in consumption will be 6% (18%-12%) and for 25% it will be 13% (25%-12%). This is based on the assumption that relative decrease in consumption is equal to the difference between actual price increase and threshold price increase. The individual price sensitivity curves are then aggregated to give the aggregate price sensitivity curve. There were around 300 respondents on whom the study was conducted. The study also collects such information as income, number of family members in the household, number of electrical appliances which can be used less if required, etc. The limitation of the study was that it requires people to have a clear idea as to the level of price rise after which they will reduce consumption. Moreover the way the individual sensitivities have been calculated may be challenged. For other products which are not necessities and are not supplied by a single supplier, relative prices of substitutes and competitor’s products need to be taken into account. Another limitation is that fact that people had to be interviewed and it cannot be done through mailers. Methodology: 1. What are the key factors that drive consumer buying decision in the two different product categories and what is the relative importance of price in the consumer buying decision? The key factors and the relative importance of price in the consumer’s buying decision process for the two product categories, viz. , premium toothpaste and conventional 21† colour television need to be determined in order to understand the drivers of price sensitivity in the above product categories. This would probably require a preliminary research and survey, which would be carried out as a representative survey in the city of Ahmedabad. 2. What is the price awareness of consumers? The determination of the level of the price awareness of the consumers of the two product categories would enable us in establishing an idea about the price sensitivity of the consumers as well as help in validating the model to be developed. This may as well be done through a survey of the consumers . 3. How do discounts or some other indirect price changes affect the probability of a buy? Evaluating the effect of discounts, indirect price changes and other offers would help in establishing the level of price sensitivity in the market for the two product categories. Further, this would enable us to determine the relative importance of such price changes on the model to be developed. Proposed Model for Measuring Price Sensitivity: Measuring price sensitivity of FMCG goods Historical data of sales and price variations is a good place to start if one wishes to measure the sensitivities of a product. If one has the data for the last 8 years (say), we can create a simple regression of the form –

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Essay Example

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Essay Example Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Paper Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Paper Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles is one of the key persons who are responsible to the founding of modern Singapore. He played an important role in forming a British Settlement, Singapore, in the Melaka straits despite facing rejections, such as Dutch or even resistance in London itself. He is a controversial person even in his time. Hence there is no doubt that there are lots of information about him and founding of Singapore in the internet. However, how do we assess these websites for its appropriateness towards scholarly research is the main objective of this essay. According to The Sheridan Libraries an appropriate source for scholarly research would have information such as â€Å"authorship, publishing body, point of view, referral to other sources, verifiability and currency† . In the case of internets sources, at least we could have an idea who is the author and a way to contact, such as telephone or email, to clarify the information provided in the internet or even arranged an interview. The first source regarding Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the founding of Singapore which I’m going to examine is taken from Wikipedia. Let just put aside for a moment the authorship and verifiability of the passage, and for a moment assume it is what it is. Wikipedia provides a very detailed explanation of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. The information in Wikipedia is like a series of events that arranged chronologically. This is by far a more interesting and captivating way for the readers. Nonetheless, the events and points that provided by Wikipedia are also very broad. The general impression that I gained, from Wikipedia, that summarize who Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was, was a hardworking, wise, fair, rational and both lucky and unfortunate person. When I read the passage, I generally felt that all he had done were good things. He was a very hardworking child, despite the early death of his father. He was lucky enough to be hired by East India Company and had the opportunity to expose himself to South East Asia, and based on his talent, picked up the native language, Malay, and good enough to impress the Governor to promote him as a Resident of Java at the age of 30. He abolished slave system, led an expedition to restore Borobudur, replaced Dutch forced agriculture system with land tenure, founded a more administrative Singapore and throughout the end, I elt sorry with his early death and his lost of family members. All the events are centralizing in the goodness of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. However, aren’t these very subjective opinions from a historical point of view? In the passage, it mentioned â€Å"considered Farquhar unfit for the position of Resident, so Raffles took direct control with a heavy hand. † The Wikipedia source didn’t really stated why William Farquhar was unfit for the position. Did he done something wrong that suffer the indigenous people? Did he make a lost in financial during his tenure? We may get some answer for these questions from how well the author think Singapore did as soon as the take over from British until the return of Raffles at year 1822 base on the paragraph â€Å"†¦as Singapore grew at an exponential rate, the Dutch gave up their claim on the island†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This in certain account created ambivalence from the author, and let just assume what both lines are true. Maybe the author is trying to tone down the confrontation between Farquhar and Raffles. By providing a reason for the discord, which reasonably present with a glim, it seems what Raffles did is reasonable. Besides that, under the â€Å"Founding of Singapore† session in the Wikipedia source, Farquhar was only credited for securing of British possession in the Riao’s area. This is by far had neglected his role in the founding of Singapore. The second source that I am going to examine is a website from USP, NUS. Once again, put aside verifiability and authorship. Let examine the passage’s point of view towards Raffles and the founding of Singapore. The passage gave a more general view of Raffles. At least at the first glance of the passage, I won’t have a feeling that he is almighty. Just take an example, â€Å"†¦Raffles became a subject of controversy and a target of attack, from British as well as Dutch adversaries. To some, Raffles was an admired reformer, who wanted to abolish the slave trade, and ameliorate the lot of the people. To others, he was simply a young and ambitious schemer. † This paragraph gives me a feeling that he is a controversial figure even during his time. The word â€Å"ambitious schemer† also reflects that he may not be as pure as a saint. All these that I have mentioned, didn’t come to me when I was reading the source from Wikipedia. With these, in certain account, there is a different in objectivity of the author of these two sources. Besides that, â€Å"it was Farquhar who worked alongside the Malay rulers for four years to secure the survival and growth of the British settlement on Singapore Island†¦Ã¢â‚¬  gives a general account on what Farquhar had contributed to the development of Singapore. This just gives me an impression of what Singapore was at that time, and it was definitely not the sole contribution and hard work of Raffles. The source did mention an outline of the life of Raffles. The author did give a high regards on Raffles effort to abolish slavery. This can be showed â€Å"He held strongly to moral principles on the dignity and equality of human beings † . Besides that, the source also mentions two important names in the founding of Singapore, William Farquhar and Dr John Crawfurd, and credited them as â€Å"The Founders of Colonial Singapore† . This source gives an alternative view of who were possible founders, or who had at least contributed to the radical founding of early Singapore. With these additional information provided, Raffles is not the only one credited with the establishment of early Singapore and thus gives a more objective view of early history of Singapore under British possession. The third source I’m going to examine is from suit101 . This passage gives a general overview of Raffles and his involvement in Singapore. This source is a summary of his early life, his career, and also how it links to the founding of Singapore. Compare to the first two sources, this source is comparatively less detailed information. For example, â€Å"Following the hallowed English tradition of divide and conquer, Raffles and his successors †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The source didn’t mention about who are the other successor. Is it Farquhar? Is it John Crawfurd? Or is it somebody else? This source gives a very subjective view towards Raffles, â€Å"Raffles continued to enjoy a long and celebrated career in imperial administration. † How does the author know the feelings of Raffles despite so many obstacles in his tenure as stated in the first and second source? Before I choose one of these sources to be an appropriate source for scholarly historical research, let me examine the authorship of these three sources. The source from Wikipedia, apparently is edited by not a few but a lot of authors. Just a brief view in the â€Å"history† link in the wikipedia webpage toolbar, there is approximate 500 entries of editorial in the Stamford Raffles site and still counting. In some account, base on the large amount of authors, contradictory may occur and there maybe a more objective viewpoint regarding the topic, â€Å"†¦emergence of resonance will only come after experiencing some dissonance. However, this is not an appropriate source for scholarly historical research mainly because of its multi-authorship and anonymous authorship. How can we verify the source when there are anonymous authors? Meanwhile, the second source from USP weblink, was the work of an associate professor in the History Department of NUS. The author is highly qual ified and contactable. Finally, the last source, it was also from a single author, John Walsh from Mahidol University International College. In terms of verifiability, the second and third source provides a direct contact name and title to verify the content or for further research. However for the first source, Wikipedia, if the readers have any doubt of the source, they have little chance to clarify with the author. There is no direct contact number and there is little chance of knowing the name, beside username of the author or even anonymous authorship. However as an ordinary user, we can raise the mistakes in the content to the webmaster, rise in discussion or edit the page. Finally, regarding citation, both sources from Wikipedia and John Walsh didn’t provide any; presumably every word is directly from the author. Source from the USP and Wikipedia, did provide references. In certain extend, this provides the readers a way for further research of the topic. This helps the reader to verify the points and facts in the source too. In Wikipedia, the â€Å"general look† is more appealing, with pictures of Stamford Raffles and well credit where the picture’s origin. The more user appealing part of Wikipedia is its usage of Wiki software to develop its webpage, and this may be a good start for newbies and for background reading â€Å"†¦wikis should not take authoritative, but can relied upon for ‘background reading’. After assessing the qualities of these websites, source from the USP website regarding Stamford Raffles and founding of Singapore is an appropriate source for scholarly historical research. This is due to its authorship; it provides a name and a title from the author, and it ensures verifiability. The publishing body, which is the NUS website, is a well ma intained and contactable publishing body. The details provided in the source are sufficient for a person to understand Stamford Raffles and the founding of Singapore reasonably well. It also provides other possible founders or contributors to the founding of Singapore. As a conclusion, it has all the attributes of an appropriate source for scholarly historical research. Bibliography Elizabeth E. Kirk, â€Å"Evaluating Information Found on the Internet†, Sheridan Libraries (1996), 8 February 2008, library. jhu. edu/researchhelp/general/evaluating/ â€Å"Stamford Raffles†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (10 Aug. 2004), 17 February 2008, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles Ernest C. T. Chew. The Founders of Colonial Singapore†, USP (12 October 2002), 17 February 2008, usp. nus. edu. sg/post/singapore/history/chew/founders. html John Walsh, â€Å"Raffles: Sir Stamford Raffles and the Founding of Singapore. † Suit101 (9 Jan 2004). 8 February 2008, suite101. com/article. cfm/east_asian_history/105792/1 Alvin Tan Peng Hong, â€Å"Allowing Dissonance†, The History Journal (1998), p. 14 Lesl ie Goh, â€Å"Share your knowledge or ignorance†, Straits Times (17 October 2006), 7 March 2007, http://news. independent. co. uk/world/americas/article2331980. ece Stephen Foley, â€Å"Wikipedia Hits An Identity Crisis As Student Admits Posing As Professor†, 2007 Independent News And Media Limited (7 March 2007) Noam Cohen, â€Å"A History Department Bans Citing Wikipedia As Research Source†, The New York Times (21 February 2007), 2 March 2007, nytimes. com/2007/02/21/ education/21wikipedia Marshall Poe, â€Å"The Hive†, The Atlantic Monthly (September 2006), 6 January 2007, theatlantic. com/doc/print/200609/wikipedia Stacy Schiff, â€Å"Can Wikipedia Conquer Experts†, The New Yorker (24 July 2006), 31 July 2006, newyorker. com/printables/fact/060731fa_fact

MUS 327 Field Research Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MUS 327 Field Research Proposal - Coursework Example Ari Herstand is a Los Angeles based musicians who has done quite a number of music productions. He is one musicians who move crowds by his albums. He is an entrepreneurial artist. He has been chosen a number of times in both products advertisements, and some of his albums has featured as background songs in movies production industry. He is also a social marketer, utilizing his popularity to market products in social sites. The attention he creates to the press is quite impressive, and he occasionally appears in the media, communicating of his success and music dream. His music has featured in Television shows such as One Tree Hill and the Real World. The research proposal will hence seek to understand the effects of utilization of music in advertisements, social media, and film industry among other filed. Essentially, such utilization has an impact to both the music producer, the community, the products buyer and the music industry at large (Apaolaza-Ibà ¡Ãƒ ±ez, 2010). Titon, J. T., Cooley, T. J., Locke, D., Rasmussen, A. K., Schechter, J. M., Stock, J. P. J., McAllester, D. P., ... Reck, D. B. (2009). Worlds of music: An introduction to the music of the worlds peoples. Belmont, Calif. : Schirmer/Cengage

Service Marketing of The Starbucks Coffee Corporation Case Study - 1

Service Marketing of The Starbucks Coffee Corporation - Case Study Example The Starbucks was founded in the year of 1971 in Washington with the three partners. Starbucks exhibit very high operational efficiency in the recession period and good sales in the period which may cause the coffee makers to re-engineering the process to cope with the trends. Â  The branding strategy of the products are very good and it is made available in the different ways through the supply chain management possible, the second strategy includes the customer intimacy and the encouraging experience in them, the third includes the atmosphere that is based on the human experiences and the community. The efficient channels of distribution of the offers to the nation company-operated retail channels and the 15% of the revenue contribution are from the retail channel of distribution. Â  The main philosophy of the Starbucks is the reach of the products to the customers irrespective of the time and the cost and making it available at an ease. The strength of the employees in the star buck corporation is very high and they have partners of around 60000 and in North America, they have about 5000 partners. The employee turnover is very less for the star bucks. When an employee is recruited in the firm he is taught the hard skills like the maintenance of the cash book, vouchers and the soft skills like the pleasing personality and the good customer service. Â  The marketing issues in the Starbucks are the labor problem in North America, The Starbucks in the urban areas pay good wages to the employees to retain the employees. The issues also occur in comparison with the barista efficiency by the no value added the task. Â  

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wing Versus Rotor Wing Engineering Essay

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wing Versus Rotor Wing Engineering Essay Since 1919, law enforcement agencies have used fixed wing and rotor wing aircrafts to assist in enforcing the law. In 2007, data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics showed that large law enforcement departments provided aerial enforcement in the District of Columbia and 46 states. There were 295 airplanes and 604 helicopters being operated, which flew more than 330,000 missions. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf The types of airplane that are used by law enforcement are Cessna 182, Cessna 206, Pilatus PC-12 Spectres, P-3 Orions, Citations, Learjets, Gulfstream jets, King Air 350s and 200s and some larger airliner-type aircraft. Some of the helicopters used are the American Euro-copter EC120/130/145, AStar AS350/355N/350 B2, Dolphin HH-65C, Blackhawk UH-60, Maverick, Raven II R44, Cayuse OH-6 and McDonnell Douglas MD 600. The types of missions these aircrafts conduct are surveillance, drug interdiction, fugitive searches, routine patrol or support, search and res cue, personnel transport, prisoner transport, SWAT operation, traffic enforcement, speed enforcement, homeland security, photographic, medical support and evacuation. Both types of aircrafts have their advantages and disadvantages in airborne law enforcement. http://www.kansas.com/2010/08/01/1427779/aviation-sees-growth-in-law-enforcement.html. The advantages that a helicopter has over an airplane are that they can land and take off without the need for run ways. Their airfoil shape rotors are like the wings of an airplane, as the rotor spins, air flow faster over the tops of the blades than it does under, thus creating lift for flight. Their unique rotor design allows for them to takeoff vertically, fly in any direction including sideways, backwards and hover over an area. Their ability to hover provides coverage for the ground units on the street and if needed land to assist in foot pursuits. They can be equipped with a winch for the purpose of lowering or picking up personnel or equipments on the ground, at sea or on mountains during a search and rescue mission, where there is no place to land . They are better able to maneuver around tall structures at lower altitudes. manhttp://library.thinkquest.org/J0112389/helicopters.htm. On 14 November 2008, San Diego Police Department ABLE helicopter used the FLIR camera to catch a man facing murder charges for beating another with a crutch in the middle of the street. http://www.policeone.com/police-products/tactical/night-vision/videos/5954944-police-helicopter-catches-bizarre-street-fight-on-flir-camera On 30, January 3013 the NYPD police helicopter rescues a shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s captain who was having a heart attack. A dramatic nighttime helicopter rescue in New Yeark Harbor may have saved the life of a shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s captain. Police say they received a call Tuesday night that the captain of the Panamanian cargo ship Grey Shark was having a heart attack. The NYPD harbor medical team stabilized the 60 year old captain before calling the help of a police helicopter. A basket was lowered to hoist him up into the chopper, which then flew him to Staten Island University Hospital North. He was listed in stable condition. http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/176246/police-helicopter-rescues-ship-captain-who-was-having-a-heart-attack The helicopters are force multipliers for ground units, because they can monitor the tactical environment, give alerts or observe things which the ground units are unable to detect. Additionally, they can respond and cover ground more quickly than ground units. The flight deck of a helicopter can be equipped with multiple electronic equipments. Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) also know as glass cockpit that provides flight and system information to the crew, Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) camera allows the crew to see images created from infrared energy, moving map system show their location, satellite phones provide direct communication, dig ital video downlink gives real time images, night vision goggles can be used in low light situation if needed, loudspeakers for communication or message deliver to the ground, tear gas dispensers, police and aviation radios . Disadvantages helicopters are that they cost more to operate and maintain. A fully equipped helicopter can cost from $500,000 to $3 million and the flying costs ranges from $200 to $400 per hour. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-09-30-cophelicopters_N.htm Maintenance, fuel, leasing and financing cost are three times then the cost to operate and maintain airplanes. Due to its abilities to fly lower and hover over areas it creates lots of noise and is easily detectable. The capacities of passengers that a helicopter can carry are limited. The Robinson RA-44 can carry 2 to 4 personnel and others like the Blackhawk UH-60 can carry 11 personnel or the Bell UH-1 that can be configured to carry 15 personnel. The general commercial helicopters used by t he law enforcement agencies have a flight time of two to four hours, with top speed from 50 to 200 knots and an average range of about 200 miles. The operations of fixed wing aircraft have some advantages over rotor wing aircrafts in law enforcement. They can perform a wide range of missions which requires them to stay airborne longer then a rotor wing aircraft is able to. Fix wing aircraft can carry more payloads and engine performances are great then those of rotor wing aircrafts. Aero surveillance, homeland security, speed enforcement and transport of people or gear are mostly the missions performed. http://www.lawofficer.com/article/patrol/fixed-wing-aircraft-law-enforc They are equipped with a variety of high tech equipments just as their rotor wing counterparts. The cabins are pressurized and allow for higher altitude flights. They can perform surveillance 5,000 ft to 6,000 ft and not be undetected. The average costs to maintain and operate a fixed wing aircraft per flight is about $54 for maintenance and $45 for fuel compared to a rotor wing aircraft. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf The Custom Border Patrolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s P-3 AEW Orion airplane has a large fuel capacity of 60,000 lbs; flight time up to 10 to 13 hours, maximum range at low altitude is 2,500 NM and at high altitude 3,800 NM. Average cruising speed is 300 to 330 knots. It can carry a crew of 12 to 21 personnel. Normal crew consists of four systems operators, three pilots, two flight engineers and three maintenance crew members. This aircraft is integration with the E-2 Hawkeye aircraft radar system, which allows for it to see 200 NM in all directions. They coordinate and direct Navy and Coast Guard ship and aircrafts to the location of drug smuggling boats or planes. Primary mission are interdiction, over water operations, surveillance and homeland security. The use of this aircraft between the Jacksonville, Florida and the Texas office have contributed to the cap ture and seizure of 50 metric tons of drugs worth a roughly about 2 Billion dollars. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqCtrB_FZvE Fixed wing light sport aircraft generally cost between $60,000 and $130,000 to purchase and $50 per hour to fuel and maintain. They can fly at wide range of speeds of 35 to 125 knots making them an excellent platform for performing a broad range of law enforcement missions. It can carry up to 500 lbs and travel twice as far as a helicopter could. http://nij.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/operations/aviation/types-of-aircraft.htm The disadvantages of fix winged aircrafts are they require a runway to take off and land, assembling of the flight crew, delay on taking off due to congestion at airport, unable to see the other side of the aircraft. They cannot monitor the tactical environment very well and or unable to alerts or observe things which the ground units are unable to detect. Unable to land and assist with foot pursuits, canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t hover, t he aircraft is not equipped with rescue winch. http://www.usafp.org/op_med/fldmedopns/airevac.htm http://www.jrsa.org/events/conference/presentations-09/Lynn_Langton.pdf http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf http://www.kansas.com/2010/08/01/1427779/aviation-sees-growth-in-law-enforcement.html

Buchi Emechetas Ona :: essays papers

Buchi Emechetas Ona "Ona" is as Much a Love Story as it is a Tale of Ritualized Beliefs and Cultural Behavior Patterns often stories in a particular culture take into account, and capitalize on symbols of that particular culture for thematic effectiveness. Many indigenous stories thus contain generalized patterns of beliefs that serve as the backdrop which enables readers to relate to the stories and the content thereof. Buchi Emecheta's "Ona" is a powerful love story that centers around ritualized beliefs and cultural behavior patterns of one African tribe. The story is legendary in nature, alluding to its cultural import. It is about Abagdi, a very wealthy local chief, who is love with Ona, one of his mistresses. Agbadi is head over heals for Ona despite the fact that he has many wives. Agbadi is particularly crazy about Ona because, unlike the other women, she is not submissive as she was the daughter chief Obi Umunna. The cultural theme in the story is that man enjoys hunting, taming and conque ring even in matters of love; Agbadi finds a special thrill in trying to win the unconquerable love of Ona. Ona is a woman ahead of her time, unwilling to be controlled, even by the strong and powerful Agbadi, not only because of her individual desires, but because of her respect for the cultural norms of her society. From the onset of the story we learn that Agbadi proposes marriage to Ona. Since Ona's father, Chief Obi Umunna, had no sons, he raised Ona to be very assertive and assume what is considered boylike traits. Thus, like a man, her father raised her never "to stoop to any man". Does this mean that women and men are not considered equals in this society? Evidently, it seems the only reason Ona was thought not to stoop to any man was because she was raised essentially to behave like a man. Men and women are therefore not considered as equals in this culture. Nevertheless, Chief Umunna maintains that Ona "was free to have men, however, and if she bore a son, he would take her father's name thereby rectifying the omission that nature had made". Two important deductions can be made here: first that men are free to be promiscuous (she is free to have men) and that having a boy child asserts a man's manhood.

Mintzbergs Model on Organisational Structures

Mintzbergs Model on Organisational Structures The Five Parts This note summarises the key features of Henri Mintzbergs theory on the structuring of organisations, which he presented in his book The Structuring of Organisations and Structure in 5's: Designing Effective Organizations in the early 1980s. According to Mintzberg organisations are formed of five main parts: Operating core Those who perform the basic work related directly to the production of products and services Strategic apexCharged with ensuring that the organisation serve its mission in an effective way, and also that it serve the needs of those people who control or otherwise have power over the organisation Middle-line managers Form a chain joining the strategic apex to the operating core by the use of delegated formal authority Technostructure The analysts who serve the organisation by affecting the work of others. They may design it, plan it, change it, or train the people who do it, but they do not do it themselve s Support staffComposed of specialised units that exist to provide support to the organisation outside the operating work flow Pressures Each of these five parts has a tendency to pull the organisation in a particular direction favourable to them * Strategic Apexes – centralisation * Support Staff – collaboration * Technostructures – standardisation * Operating Core – professionalisation * Middle Line – balkanisation Five Generic Structures There are five generic organisation structures which can be described in terms of the five-part theory: * Simple structure, Machine bureaucracy, * Professional bureaucracy, * Divisionalised form, * Adhocracy. Simple Structure The simple structure, typically, has * little or no technostructure, few support staffers, * a loose division of labour, minimal differentiation among its units, and a small managerial hierarchy. * The behaviour of simple structure is not formalised and planning, training, and liaison devic es are minimally used in such structures. Coordination in the simple structure is controlled largely by direct supervision.Especially, power over all important decisions tends to be centralized in the hands of the chief executive officer. Thus, the strategic apex emerges as the key part of the structure. Indeed, the structure often consists of little more than a one-person strategic apex and an organic operating core Most organizations pass through the simple structure in their formative years. The environments of the simple structures are usually simple and dynamic.A simple environment can be comprehended by a single individual, and so enables decision making to be controlled by that individual. A dynamic environment means organic structure: Because its future state cannot be predicted, the organization cannot effect coordination by standardization Machine Bureaucracy The design of a machine bureaucracy tends to be as follows: * highly specialised, routine operating tasks; * very f ormalised procedures in the operating core; a proliferation of rules, regulations, ; formalised communication; * large-sized units at the operating level; * reliance on the functional basis for grouping tasks; * relatively centralised power for decision making; * an elaborate administrative structure with sharp distinctions between line and staff. Because the machine bureaucracy depends primarily on the standardization of its operating work processes for coordination, the technostructure emerges as the key part of the structure Machine bureaucratic work is found, in environments that are simple and stable.Machine bureaucracy is not common in complex and dynamic environments because the work of complex environments can not be rationalized into simple tasks and the processes of dynamic environments can not be predicted, made repetitive, and standardized The machine bureaucracies are typically found in the mature organizations, large enough to have the volume of operating work needed f or repetition and standardization, and old enough to have been able to settle on the standards they wish to use The managers at the strategic apex of these organizations are mainly concerned with the fine-tuning of their bureaucratic machines.Machine bureaucracy type structures are â€Å"performance organizations† not â€Å"problem solving† ones. Professional Bureaucracy The professional bureaucracy relies for coordination on: * the standardization of skills and its associated parameters such as design, training and indoctrination. * In professional bureaucracy type structures duly trained and indoctrinated specialists -professionals- are hired for the operating core, and then considerable control over their work is given to them. Most of the necessary coordination between the operating professionals is handled by the standardization of skills and knowledge – especially by what they have learned to expect from their colleagues. Whereas the machine bureaucracy ge nerates its own standards the standards of the professional bureaucracy originate largely outside its own structure (especially in the self-governing association its operators join with their colleagues from other professional bureaucracies). The professional bureaucracy emphasizes authority of a professional nature or in other words â€Å"the power of expertise†.The strategies of the professional bureaucracy are mainly developed by the individual professionals within the organization as well as of the professional associations on the outside. Divisionalised Form Divisionalised form type organizations are composed of semi-autonomous units – the divisions. The divisionalised form is probably a structural derivative of a Machine Bureaucracy – an operational solution to co-ordinate and controls a large conglomerate delivering: 1. Horizontally diversified products or services 2. In a straight-forward, stable environment 3. Where large economies of scale need not app ly.If large economies of scale were possible the costs and benefits of divisionalisation would need careful examination. The modern, large holding company or conglomerate typically has this form Like the Professional Bureaucracy, the Divisional Form is not so much an integrated organization as a set of quasi-autonomous entities coupled together by a central administrative structure. But whereas those â€Å"loosely coupled† entities   in the Professional Bureaucracy are individuals—professionals in the operating core—in the Divisionalised Form they are units in the middle line.These units are generally called divisions, and the central administration, the headquarters The Divisionalised Form differs from the other four structural configurations in one important respect. It is not a complete structure from the strategic apex to the operating core, but rather a structure superimposed on others. That is, each division has its own structure. Most important, the Div isionalised Form relies on the market basis for grouping units at the top of the middle line. Divisions are created according to markets served and they are then given control over the operating functions required to serve these markets.Adhocracy Adhocracy includes a highly organic structure, with: * little formalization of behaviour; * job specialization based on formal training; * a tendency to group the specialists in functional units for housekeeping purposes but to deploy them in small, market-based project teams to do their work; * a reliance on liaison devices to encourage mutual adjustment, the key coordinating mechanism, within and between these teams The innovative organization cannot rely on any form of standardization for coordination.Consequently, the adhocracy might be considered as the most suitable structure for innovative organizations which hire and give power to experts – professionals whose knowledge and skills have been highly developed in training progra ms. Managers (such as functional managers, integrating managers, project managers etc. ) abound in the adhocracy type structures. Project managers are particularly numerous, since the project teams must be small to encourage mutual adjustment among their members, and each team needs a designated leader, a â€Å"manager. Managers are also functioning members of project teams, with special responsibility to effect coordination between them. To the extent that direct supervision and formal authority diminish in importance, the distinction between line and staff disappears. Structure/strategy fit Pan American airlines A mismatch between strategy and structure can lead to serious organisational difficulties. This was the case with Pan Am Airlines. An error in strategy In the late 1970s, the international airline Pan Am, decided to adopt a new strategy in order to capture some of the American domestic market.The company felt that if its foreign-bound American travellers could do business with Pan Am for the entirety of their trip, the airline could become and industry giant. In 1978, therefore, Pan Am purchased National Airlines, which had one of America’s best domestic route systems. The acquisition proved to be a poor strategic move. Just as the purchase was made, the entire domestic airline industry in the US was deregulated. With deregulation, Pan Am could have constructed its own domestic route system with the resources it had.Instead, it acquired a very expensive domestic route system and domestic carrier that quickly became unprofitable under Pan Am management because of a serious structural error. Structural error Pan Am decided to roll National and Pan Am into one airline, still trading as Pan Am. This is most closely associated with developing a functional organisational design. National’s regular customers were thereby disenfranchised and customer loyalty to the National ‘brand’ was lost. A name such as Pan Am National Airlines would have been more useful to the organisation.Philip Morris, for example, used a much more appropriate and savvy approach when it bought Kraft and General Foods: it kept both names, Kraft General Foods. It did not drop the names and call itself Philip Morris Foods, which had no pre-existing market association. Combining the two airlines, rather than keeping them separate under a divisional structure, resulted in the loss of the lower-cost workers of National. Under the new, uniform structure, the former National employees were paid higher wages. While this may have appealed to the employees, it was an error on the part of Pan Am management.This error was especially evident after deregulation, which brought about low-cost airlines that could profitably offer travellers cheap fares. With its higher cost, Pan Am was being beaten by its old and new competitors. A sounder management structure would have been to match Pan Am to its new strategy by the divisional structure, leaving the two airlines as separate divisions of the same organisation. The effects of strategy and structure errors Because of the strategic and structural errors Pan Am was losing money. In order to survive, the airline began selling its assets. In 1980, it sold its Pan Am building in New York.In 1981, it sold its company hotel chain. During the same decade, it sold many of its DC-10 aircraft to American Airlines. When airline transport boomed again, Pan Am was left with no capacity to take advantage of the increase in air traffic. The struggling airline even sold its prized Pacific routes, a move that many experts say was one of Pan Am’s management’s greatest mistakes. The airline’s survival became doubtful. Pan Am began looking for a partner in hopes of prospering again. Management and labour problems In the midst of strategic and structural problems, management and labour came into conflict. In 1981, C.Edward Acker, who had built tiny Air Florida into a nationally kno wn carrier, became chairman of Pan Am. He got off to a good start with the union, with some employees even wearing buttons proclaiming themselves as ‘Acker Backers’. But the relationship did not last long. In 1985, the Transport Workers Union struck Pan Am, costing it any possible profits that year. By the late 1980s, Pan Am’s unions were calling for Acker’s replacement. In 1988, Acker and four other corporate officers lost their jobs. William Genoese, director of the Teamsters’ airline division, explained that the company’s problem was that management didn’t realise that he airline was 20 years behind the times. Management was not in the marketplace merchandising or being more competitive. The problem continued under the next Chairman. Eventually, time ran out for the carrier. The airline filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy on January 8, 1990 and went out of business on December 4, 1991. Required: Summarise the key strategic issues and th e link to structure. 3. By way of conclusion, identify and explain the changing approaches to organisational design and structure. Your answer must include an analysis of the reasons for these changes. Use examples either real or hypothetical to clarify your answer.